An efficient analytical homogenization technique for mechanical-hygrothermal responses of unidirectional composites with applications to optimization and multiscale analyses

The elasticity-based Locally Exact Homogenization Theory (LEHT) is extended to study the mechanical-hygrothermal behaviors of unidirectionally-reinforced composites. Based on the framework developed previously, thermal and moisture effects are incorporated into the LEHT to study the homogenized and localized responses of heterogeneous materials, which are validated using available analytical and numerical techniques. The LEHT programs are then encapsulated as subroutines with Input/Output (I/O) interfaces, to be readily applied in different computational scenarios. In order to illustrate the efficiency of the LEHT, the theory is firstly coupled to the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm in order to minimize the axial thermal expansion mismatch in hexagonal and square fiber arrays by tailoring the fiber volume fraction. The LEHT is then implemented into the lamination theory to study fabrication-induced residual stresses arising during the cool-down process which introduces local laminate stresses owing to thermo-mechanical property mismatch between plies. Both of these applications illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the LEHT in generating effective properties and local stress distributions, making the theory a golden standard in validating other analytical or numerical techniques as well as a reliable tool in composite design and practice for professionals and non-professionals alike.     

新型金属/复合材料混合连接结构试验研究

为提高金属与复合材料混合连接结构的力学性能,提出一种金属与复合材料之间的新型连接方法。通过在金属与复合材料搭接区铺设胶膜,同时嵌入若干贯穿被连接件的金属细针,从而使得胶膜与细针共同传递被连接件之间的载荷。为探明和揭示该新型连接方法的优越性,制作了相应的试验件并开展了力学性能测试。通过分析试验过程中的载荷-位移关系以及试验件破坏模式,发现新型连接方法显著提高了金属与复合材料连接结构的破坏载荷、破坏应变及能量吸收能力。若将该新型连接方法应用于航空航天工程,将提高复合材料连接结构的承载效率,降低结构重量。此外,该连接方法还降低了接头破坏的突发性,从而有利于结构缺陷的检测。     

All-sky-imaging capabilities for ionospheric space weather research using geomagnetic conjugate point observing sites

Optical signatures of ionospheric disturbances exist at all latitudes on Earth—the most well known case being visible aurora at high latitudes. Sub-visual emissions occur equatorward of the auroral zones that also indicate periods and locations of severe Space Weather effects. These fall into three magnetic latitude domains in each hemisphere: (1) sub-auroral latitudes ～40–60°, (2) mid-latitudes (20–40°) and (3) equatorial-to-low latitudes (0–20°).Boston University has established a network of all-sky-imagers (ASIs) with sites at opposite ends of the same geomagnetic field lines in each hemisphere—called geomagnetic conjugate points. Our ASIs are autonomous instruments that operate in mini-observatories situated at four conjugate pairs in North and South America, plus one pair linking Europe and South Africa. In this paper, we describe instrument design, data-taking protocols, data transfer and archiving issues, image processing, science objectives and early results for each latitude domain. This unique capability addresses how a single source of disturbance is transformed into similar or different effects based on the unique “receptor” conditions (seasonal effects) found in each hemisphere. Applying optical conjugate point observations to Space Weather problems offers a new diagnostic approach for understanding the global system response functions operating in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.     

Ti/Al/Ti_(46)Zr_(26)Cu_(17)Ni_(11)非晶层状复合材料界面相组成

利用DSC对真空甩带法制得的Ti_(46)Zr_(26)Cu_(17)Ni_(11)非晶薄带进行热分析,据此选择在693 K(T_g),753 K(T_g~T_(x1)),813 K(T_(x1))下对非晶合金进行不同时间真空热处理,分析非晶晶化行为,并以Ti_(46)Zr_(26)Cu_(17)Ni_(11)非晶合金、TA2和纯Al为原材料,利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机在873 K/10 MPa/8 h下制备层状复合材料,采用SEM、TEM、显微硬度计并结合热力学和元素扩散理论对界面层相组成、析出次序和性能进行研究。结果表明:Ti_(46)Zr_(26)Cu_(17)Ni_(11)非晶玻璃转变温度T_g=720 K,初始晶化温度T_(x1)=788 K;非晶晶化首先生成亚稳相I相,随后进一步析出三元或四元Laves相和Ti Ni相;热压后,纯Al和非晶晶化层间界面由薄层Al_3Ni和晶粒细小结构均匀的Al3(Ti0.6Zr0.4)层组成,界面平直无缺陷,总厚度与纯Ti、纯Al间界面层厚度比约为6.5∶1;Al_3(Ti_(0.6)Zr_(0.4))和Al_3Ti硬度相近,分别为(564.20±10.46)HV和(579.83±15.26)HV,但Al_3(Ti_(0.6)Zr_(0.4))层塑性更好。     

Thermal behavior of an isolator with mode transition inducing back-pressure of a dual-mode scramjet

Combustion mode transition is a valuable and challenging research area in dual-mode scramjet engines. The thermal behavior of an isolator with mode transition inducing back-pressure is investigated by direct-connect dual-mode scramjet experiments and theoretical analysis. Combustion experiments are conducted under the incoming airflow conditions of total temperature 1270 K and Mach 2. A small increment of the fuel equivalence ratio is scheduled to trigger mode transition. Correspondingly, the variation of the coolant flow rate is very small. Based on the mea-sured wall pressures, the heat-transfer model can quantify the thermal state variation of the engine with active cooling. Compared with the combustor, mode transition has a greater effect on the iso-lator thermal behavior, and it significantly changes the isolator heat-flux and wall temperature. To further study the isolator thermal behavior from flight Mach 4 to Mach 7, a theoretical analysis is carried out. Around the critical point of combustion mode transition, sudden changes of the isola-tor flowfield and thermal state are discussed.     

功能梯度形状记忆合金材料的热力学行为

功能梯度形状记忆合金（Functionally graded shape memory alloy，FG SMA）兼备功能梯度材料和形状记忆材料的双重特性，近年来已经引起科学界的广泛关注。本文根据复合材料力学理论，对功能梯度形状记忆合金复合材料层合板的本构关系进行研究，讨论了变温作用下不同铺层中嵌入形状记忆合金（Shape memory alloy， SMA）夹杂的功能梯度SMA复合材料层合板的热力学行为。数值结果与已有文献报导的研究结果基本一致，且本文研究表明：SMA夹杂嵌入在不同铺层中以及具有不同体积分数的情况下材料展示了不同的热力学行为。     

从消费心理视角分析生活方式营销的价值

从消费者视角分析生活方式营销为产品和服务带来的附加值，对企业制定行之有效的生活方式营销模式提供有价值的参考。     

行为导向教学法在航空专业教学中的应用

在航空专业的教学中采用行为导向教学法，可理论联系实际，将知识融会贯通。以项目为载体、以任务为驱动、分6个步骤成功设计了四旋翼飞行器、固定翼飞机、飞艇等航空器，不但提升学生的知识水平、技能水平、团队协作能力和沟通能力，而且有助于加强专业建设和师资队伍建设。     

Constitutive behavior and microstructural evolution in hot deformed 2297 Al-Li alloy

The microstructural evolution mechanism and constitutive behavior of 2297 Al-Li alloy were studied via thermal compression test with the constant strain rates of 0.001–1 s⁻¹ and the deformation temperatures ranging from 623 to 773 K. To verify the predictable ability of diverse constitutive models under different stress states, the hot compression experiments with stress triaxiality varying from −0.33 to 0.46 were conducted. The microstructures of the deformed specimens under diverse deformation conditions are probed to reveal the mechanism of hot deformation behavior. The experimental results indicate that the work-hardening and dynamic softening are competitive during the hot compression process, and the dynamic softening is more obvious under low deformation temperature and high strain rate. The microstructural analysis manifests that the dynamic recovery gets predominant at high deformation temperature to produce fine grains. Meanwhile, the dynamic recrystallization becomes more dominant as the strain rate decreases, which is sensitive to the stress triaxiality. In addition, both the modified Johnson-Cook model and strain-compensated Arrhenius-type function are suitable for describing the flow behavior of 2297 alloy, while the latter reveals a more accurate prediction. However, the predictability of the two kinds of models is worsened with the transformation of stress triaxiality, and the validity of the Arrhenius-type model is restricted by high stress triaxiality.     

基于OODA过程的岛礁防空CGF模型

计算机兵力生成是军用仿真中的重要支撑技术。岛礁防空兵力生成是岛礁防空作战显示系统的关键部分。文章基于人类对外部事物认知、反应的OODA过程建立岛礁防空CGF行为模型,包括目标探测、威胁判断、火力分配及毁伤评估4个部分,在此基础上实现岛礁防空作战显示系统。